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- <text id=90TT2221>
- <link 90TT1426>
- <title>
- Aug. 20, 1990: Interview:Fang Lizhi
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1990
- Aug. 20, 1990 Showdown
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- INTERVIEW, Page 12
- The Science Of Human Rights
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>Now safely in the West, China's most famous dissident,
- astrophysicist Fang Lizhi, takes a long-range view of
- democratic revolution
- </p>
- <p>By David Aikman/Cambridge and Fang Lizhi
- </p>
- <p> Q. Why does China's leader Deng Xiaoping seem to dislike you
- so much?
- </p>
- <p> A. Maybe it's an honor that he chose me. My family name is
- very simple: it has just four strokes, and it comes high up on
- all Chinese name lists [laughs]. I think, too, he remembers me
- from the end of 1986 and the student movement at Hefei
- Institute of Science and Technology. At that time I was vice
- president [of the institute], so he thought I should take the
- chop for those demonstrations. The second time, he probably
- said, "Here he comes again, so we should hit him" [laughs].
- </p>
- <p> Q. You yourself were a catalyst for the 1986 demonstrations.
- Why did you stay away from them in 1989?
- </p>
- <p> A. The government was already accusing me in April and May
- of being part of a handful of people who controlled the
- movement, because I have a long record [of human-rights
- activism]. So I stayed away. Of course, I knew many of the
- student leaders before the protests began, including at least
- three among the 21 on the most-wanted list. They often came to
- my home in the days before the movement began. But afterward,
- they didn't want to have contact with me, because they wanted
- to show that their ideas were their own and not simply given
- to them by Fang Lizhi.
- </p>
- <p> Q. You have been compared with Andrei Sakharov. What is it
- about the higher sciences, in your case astrophysics, that
- leads some people to passionate advocacy of human rights?
- </p>
- <p> A. In socialist regimes many famous physicists or natural
- scientists have been involved in human rights because science
- always requires independent thought. Even if you are an
- important man and you say something, nobody just believes it.
- If a scientist submits a paper to a journal, it goes to a
- referee for comments. But in the Communist Party they always
- say they are correct. This is very difficult to reconcile with
- the scientific approach.
- </p>
- <p> Q. With hindsight, do you think the leaders of the democracy
- movement in China last year should have acted any differently?
- </p>
- <p> A. They should perhaps have limited their demands and asked
- to have dialogue with the government. But in the last weeks the
- movement was completely out of control. The whole movement was
- spontaneous, so it was very difficult to limit its demands.
- </p>
- <p> Q. You have said that sooner or later democracy will come
- to China. But don't you find many episodes in the past 200
- years of Chinese history when periods of openness to the
- outside world have been followed by isolation and xenophobia?
- </p>
- <p> A. Certainly. Last year I published a paper, "The Beijing
- Observatory and Chinese Democracy," about this. You know,
- modern science was imported into China from the West. There
- were periods when we completely accepted modern science, and
- others when for decades we rejected it. Three centuries ago,
- we used modern astronomy for a short period to establish the
- Chinese calendar, but suddenly some emperor opposed it, and
- astronomers were even killed. Only at the beginning of this
- century did we completely accept modern science. It is the same
- with democracy. Sometimes we have been open and pro-democracy;
- sometimes for decades we have been completely closed and
- isolated and under a dictatorship. This fluctuating cycle is
- over as far as science is concerned, but not yet in the case
- of democracy. That is why, looking at the analogy of scientific
- development in China, I am optimistic.
- </p>
- <p> Q. Have the democratic revolutions in the Soviet Union and
- Eastern Europe had any impact on China?
- </p>
- <p> A. The influence of events in the Soviet Union has been
- stronger because we and the Soviets have had a similar type of
- system. In the past several months, the actions of the Soviet
- Communist Party at conferences and congresses have been watched
- very carefully by the Chinese people, because the Soviets have
- passed laws on the development of multiparty democracy.
- </p>
- <p> Q. What is your prediction for China in the next five years?
- </p>
- <p> A. The old generation of the party will die. A generation
- of younger leaders will emerge, and they will be better on
- average. I say on average because some individual leaders in
- the new generation could even be worse than those in the old
- one.
- </p>
- <p> Q. The Polish philosopher Leszek Kolakowski has said he
- believes the desire for freedom may be a genetic characteristic
- of the human race, and I believe you agree. Why, then, have
- some civilizations been slower to implement freedom than
- others?
- </p>
- <p> A. That is a question for the historians. It depends on many
- factors of tradition and history. If you compare the
- development of democracy with the whole history of China, it
- may arrive several decades later than in the West--but in
- view of our history of thousands of years, that is almost
- nothing. Of course, when I tell young men that 20 years is not
- too long, they don't agree, since for them it's an entire
- lifetime.
- </p>
- <p> Q. Until your sudden departure for England two months ago,
- you and your family were given refuge in the U.S. embassy in
- Beijing for 386 days. What was it like?
- </p>
- <p> A. We stayed in a two-bedroom temporary apartment on the
- main floor of the ambassador's residence. The door was always
- locked, and they put wooden boards on the windows. You couldn't
- open them, and no light came in or went out. From morning until
- 5 or 6 at night, we stayed in the apartment. After that, we
- could leave the apartment, and we could see the sky from other
- windows, but we could never go outside. In the winter, because
- it was dark by 5 p.m., we never saw daylight.
- </p>
- <p> Q. What contacts did you have with anyone else?
- </p>
- <p> A. The ambassador saw us quite often, and there was a
- political officer who came almost every day. Also a nurse came
- every day. We had a telephone, but even when it rang we never
- picked it up. We could send letters outside through the
- diplomatic pouch. That was quite safe but very, very slow.
- </p>
- <p> Q. Has the British or American government placed any
- restrictions on your activities?
- </p>
- <p> A. Originally, the Chinese government demanded that the
- Americans supervise my political activity. But the U.S.
- government refused absolutely. People in the embassy told me
- that this would be a violation of your constitution.
- </p>
- <p> Q. What would your advice be to Chinese students in the
- U.S.?
- </p>
- <p> A. They should study, be proficient, but also be concerned
- with Chinese life. Democracy is a long-term project. It is not
- something accomplished in a day, but step by step.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
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